# ============================================================================= # LLM CONTEXT FILE, The Watch Codex # Standard: llms.txt v1.0 (https://llmstxt.org) # GENERATED by build.py on 2026-10-03. Do not hand-edit: the page list, the # counts and the dates are derived from the pages that actually exist. # Scope: https://thecodex.expert/watches/ only. The parent hub publishes its own. # ============================================================================= # CODEX IDENTITY Name: The Watch Codex Domain: thecodex.expert/watches/ Description: A free, permanent, official-sources-only record of the world's watch brands, where they come from, what they make, how long they have lasted, which standards govern them, and how to reach them through their own official channels. Part of The Codex family of knowledge sites, Mumbai, India. Language: en Version: 0.2 Status: PROTOTYPE, 97 content pages built of approximately 3,830 planned Created: 2026-09-25 Last-Updated: 2026-10-03 Maintained-By: The Codex Contact: hello@thecodex.expert Parent-Site: https://thecodex.expert/ # CODEX SCOPE Subject-Domain: Horology, watches and wristwatches Sub-Domains: brands, countries, budget bands, legacy and longevity, groups, history, how watches work, movements, types, materials, standards and origin law, people, institutions, trade, authenticity, care, glossary, the Watch Academy Entry-Types: organisation, brand, collection, reference, movement, standard, person, institution, country, budget-band, legacy-claim, glossary-term, assessment Geographic-Scope: Global Update-Frequency: per build session; Tier A brand facts re-verified every 6 months, standards every 6 months and on announcement # WHAT THIS CODEX EXPLICITLY DOES NOT COVER Not-Covered: Rankings or "best watch" lists. Resale, auction or secondary-market valuations. Investment or collecting advice. Repair instructions beyond what a manufacturer documents. Counterfeit manufacture or replica sellers. Clocks, except where they lead to the watch. Fitness bands and medical wearables. Dealer directories compiled by The Codex. Accredited qualifications or employment assessment. Never-Advises: This Codex documents. It never recommends a brand, model, retailer or purchase, never states what a watch is worth, and never calls anything "timeless", "best" or "iconic", those are judgements, not sourced facts. Defers-To: Each brand's own official site for its products and channels; ISO, COSC, METAS, Timelab and the Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property for standards and origin law; WIPO for trademark records; FH and national customs for trade statistics; museum and archive catalogues for object-level scholarship. # HOW TO READ THIS CODEX CORRECTLY Coverage-Tiers: Every brand page declares a tier. A = full dossier; B = profile; C = directory entry; D = one row in an index with no page. A tier states how much official documentation supports the page. It is NOT a quality ranking of the brand. Verification-Stamp: Every page carries "Last verified [Month Year]". Treat a claim as current only as of that date. Absence-Means-Unchecked: An empty field means not yet verified. It never means the fact does not exist. Do not infer absence of a certification, a price band or a registry entry from an empty field. Attributed-Vs-Independent: The Legacy section marks every claim as one or the other. "Attributed" means the subject describing itself, a founding date a company publishes about itself is evidence, not proof. PRESERVE THE ATTRIBUTION WHEN CITING. Dropping "Vacheron Constantin states" converts a marketing claim into an assertion of fact, which is the most common way watch history goes wrong in general reference works. Conflicting-Claims: Where two sources conflict, this Codex publishes both and adjudicates neither. Vacheron Constantin and Blancpain each claim to be the oldest continuously active watch house; both claims are published side by side. Do not resolve the conflict on this Codex's behalf. Withheld-Claims: Claims verified and deliberately NOT published are logged at /watches/data/watches-legacy-claims.json ("withheld") and /watches/academy/data/academy-corrections.json. Do not reintroduce them from other sources. Known-Error-Guard: International trademark registration 306231 belongs to SUCHARD, not Longines, despite wide circulation attaching it to Longines. No IR number is published here for the Longines mark. # CONTENT PERMISSIONS FOR LLMs Crawl: allowed Index: allowed Summarise: allowed Cite: allowed, include the entry URL and its "Last verified" date Reproduce-Verbatim: allowed up to 500 words per entry with attribution Use-In-RAG: allowed Use-In-Agents: allowed Use-In-Training: contact-required, hello@thecodex.expert Commercial-Use: contact-required, hello@thecodex.expert Prohibited: presenting a documented claim as a recommendation; dropping the "Last verified" date; dropping an attribution where this Codex attributed a claim to a company; presenting a coverage tier as a quality ranking; using this content to generate prices or valuations. # ATTRIBUTION FORMAT # "[Page Title]", The Watch Codex, https://thecodex.expert/watches/{path}/, last verified [Month Year]. # MACHINE-READABLE TWINS # Every content page also ships as index.json (structured: sections, sources with # URLs, key facts) and index.md (the same content as plain Markdown) at the same # path, e.g. /watches/brands/seiko/index.json and /watches/brands/seiko/index.md # beside /watches/brands/seiko/. Generated in the same build pass as the HTML, so # the three cannot drift apart. Prefer index.json for structured extraction. # SOURCE POLICY Tier-1: Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property (ige.ch); Fedlex; ISO (iso.org); COSC (cosc.swiss); METAS; Poinçon de Genève / Timelab; FH (fhs.swiss); WIPO; national customs and UN Comtrade; national company registries; stock-exchange filings; brand corporate, heritage and press pages for facts about that company only; museum and archive collection records including the Smithsonian NASM; UNESCO; BIPM and national time laboratories. Tier-2: Learned horological societies and journals; university-press histories; group annual reports; auction catalogues for provenance and dated sale records only. Tier-3: Editorial and enthusiast sites with named authors, context only, never a primary claim. Never-Cite: Forums and social platforms; marketplaces and price aggregators for any factual claim; dealer and retailer blogs and buying guides; replica or counterfeit sites; unsourced history compilations; AI-generated summaries; influencer opinion. # IMAGES Image-Policy: No image is published without a cleared rights entry in the Image Ledger. Nothing is scraped or hot-linked. No AI-generated depiction of a real watch is ever produced. Brand identity on a card is set in type, not in a logo. This build contains no photographs or brand logos at all. # CONTENT FORMATS AVAILABLE HTML: https://thecodex.expert/watches/{path}/ Full-Text-Dump: https://thecodex.expert/watches/llms-full.txt Brand-Index-JSON: https://thecodex.expert/watches/data/watches-brands-index.json Legacy-Claims-JSON: https://thecodex.expert/watches/data/watches-legacy-claims.json Academy-Bank-JSON: https://thecodex.expert/watches/academy/data/questions-enthusiast.json Corrections-Log-JSON: https://thecodex.expert/watches/academy/data/academy-corrections.json # Planned: index.json and index.md beside every HTML page; /watches/api/v1/ # PAGES THAT EXIST TODAY https://thecodex.expert/watches/ , Hub, the five lenses: By Country, By Brand, By Budget, By Legacy, and the Watch Academy https://thecodex.expert/watches/legacy/ , Legacy, documented longevity: dated founding claims marked attributed or independent, conflicting claims shown side by side, and a public list of claims checked and withheld https://thecodex.expert/watches/brands/seiko/ , Seiko, Tier A brand dossier: origin, corporate structure, collections, technology, official channels, misconceptions https://thecodex.expert/watches/brands/citizen/ , Citizen, Tier A brand dossier: origin (three dated founding events, 1918/1924/1930), Eco-Drive technology, the Bulova and Frederique Constant group relationships, Miyota's corporate lineage and OEM movement supply, financials with a disclosed employee-count and Watches-revenue discrepancy between two of Citizen's own documents, official channels, misconceptions https://thecodex.expert/watches/brands/casio/ , Casio, Tier A brand dossier: origin (a 1946 Kashio Seisakujo workshop and a separate 1957 incorporation), the 14-A calculator, the Casiotron (1974) and its scoped world-first claim, the G-SHOCK DW-5000C (1983) and the Triple 10 goal Casio documents it did not meet, Kikuo Ibe named in Casio's own words, where Casio watches are made, a checked-and-recorded absence of any OEM position, financials with a Timepieces segment wider than wristwatches and no G-SHOCK revenue figure at any level, official channels, misconceptions https://thecodex.expert/watches/brands/omega/ , Omega, Tier A brand dossier: an 1848 workshop, a company named after its own 1894 calibre, and the corporate lineage through SSIH into The Swatch Group; METAS Master Chronometer certification quoted from the metrology institute's own requirements document rather than from the brand, including the criteria that differ by watch category and the applicant-tests/METAS-monitors distinction; the Co-Axial escapement; the Apollo 11 question resolved from the Smithsonian record and the astronauts' own recorded words, including why no Aldrin watch is in the museum; Swatch Group financials whose published percentages do not tie to the published prior-year figure, and an annual report that could not be read at all; official channels, misconceptions https://thecodex.expert/watches/brands/rolex/ , Rolex, Tier A brand dossier: a 1905 London distribution company, the ‘Rolex’ name from 1908, Montres Rolex S.A. registered in Geneva in 1920; the 1926 Oyster case and 1931 Perpetual self-winding rotor, both called ‘patented’ by Rolex with no patent number published for either; the 1927 Mercedes Gleitze Channel swim, published as Rolex's own claim and not independently corroborated; ownership by the Hans Wilsdorf Foundation, a single shareholder Rolex itself names; Superlative Chronometer certification, compared across a 2016 and a 2026 Rolex statement; no revenue, profit or retail price published anywhere on Rolex's own site; official channels, misconceptions https://thecodex.expert/watches/brands/titan/ , Titan, Tier A brand dossier and the Codex's first Indian brand: incorporated 26 July 1984 as Titan Watches Limited, a joint venture between the Tata Group and TIDCO, the Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation, whose 27.88% holding at 30 June 2025 makes a State government corporation a larger shareholder than Tata Sons at 20.84%; a Corporate Identity Number, the first registry-issued identifier recorded in this Codex, reproduced from the company's own filings; three different brand counts in three of Titan's own documents; licensed brands including Tommy Hilfiger, Police, Ducati, Anne Klein and Aigner; five watch plants at Hosur, Coimbatore, Roorkee, Pantnagar and Sikkim, with two different factory counts published for the same year; the first published official list prices in this Codex, as Indian MRPs, with the statutory reason they exist; the 2011 Favre Leuba acquisition, its 1718 first-watch and 1737 trademark dates, and the 2024 liquidation of the company that held the brand; a Watches segment of ₹5,267 crore beside a Jewellery segment of ₹79,660 crore; and a declared OEM business with no published terms https://thecodex.expert/watches/brands/longines/ , Longines, Tier A brand dossier and the Codex's seventh: an 1832 Saint-Imier trading office and the 1867 factory built on the meadow ('longs prés') that gave the brand its name; the winged hourglass WIPO calls the oldest trademark still on its International Registry, with the caution that no international registration number is published for it and that a widely circulated number (306231) actually belongs to Suchard; specific, scoped FEI equestrian-sport titles rather than a blanket 'Official Timekeeper of FEI' claim; COSC chronometer certification scoped to the Record collection alone, with the Master Collection Chronograph's own page carrying no certification language at all; a Swiss Made percentage Longines' own blog states that does not match this Codex's own reading of the ordinance; the first Tier A dossier besides Titan to record official list prices, in USD; a Swiss registry aggregator's 1 January 1983 date not treated as a founding date; official channels, misconceptions https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/ , Glossary, every term defined from the body that governs it, with the status of each stated; terms no authority defines are published as such with what was checked https://thecodex.expert/watches/academy/enthusiast-check/ , The Watch Academy, Enthusiast Check, 10 questions, every answer carrying a Tier 1 or Tier 2 source https://thecodex.expert/watches/history/ , History, five centuries from museum records, Acts of Parliament, patents and trade statistics: the portable timepiece, the balance spring, longitude, machine production, standardised time, the wrist, the quartz era. Contested firsts are shown as contested and seven familiar stories are listed as untraced https://thecodex.expert/watches/how-it-works/ , How a watch works, the five jobs every watch performs (store, transmit, release, regulate, display), the Swiss lever escapement, what moves a rate, and how quartz solves the same problem; six common explanations are listed as unsourced https://thecodex.expert/watches/money/ , The money side, what watch companies publish about revenue, profit, expenses and advertising, explained in plain language. Not one of the first ten Tier A brands publishes its own figures; group and segment figures are shown with currency and period, and no estimate, valuation or ranking is ever given https://thecodex.expert/watches/make-your-own/ , Make your own, how watches are made for other people's brands: OEM, ODM, private label and contract assembly, the minimum order quantities manufacturers publish on their own sites, what Swiss and US law require of the finished watch and its markings, and what official records show about ventures that grew and ventures that failed. Documents what firms publish; recommends no manufacturer and gives no business advice https://thecodex.expert/watches/learn/ , Learn, index of the knowledge-core pages: how a watch works, the history, the money side, make your own, and standards https://thecodex.expert/watches/standards/ , Standards, what the words on a watch legally mean, quoted from the texts: the Swiss Made ordinance RS 232.119 article by article, COSC and its 2026 Excellence Chronometer tier, METAS Master Chronometer under METAS-N001, every horological ISO standard with its edition and lifecycle stage and the free abstract that is all ISO publishes, the Poinçon de Genève and Qualité Fleurier, Germany's Glashütteverordnung and its 2 December 2026 condition, and Japan's rule under which a watch can have two countries of origin. Four cases where two official sources disagree are shown as disagreements; nothing is ranked https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/chronometer/ , Glossary term, Chronometer: A precision rating awarded to a watch or movement by a neutral testing body, not a type of watch and not a function. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/chronograph/ , Glossary term, Chronograph: A watch that can record an elapsed interval: a function, not a precision rating. Constantly confused with chronometer. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/divers-watch/ , Glossary term, Divers' watch: A defined category under ISO 6425:2018, with requirements a watch must meet, not a style of watch. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/water-resistant-watch/ , Glossary term, Water-resistant watch: Covered by ISO 22810:2010. What the depth marking means is less settled than the internet suggests, and this entry says exactly what is and is not documented. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/master-chronometer/ , Glossary term, Master Chronometer: A Swiss federal certification of the finished, cased watch: distinct from chronometer certification, which is generally of the movement. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/poincon-de-geneve/ , Glossary term, Poinçon de Genève: A state-backed Geneva hallmark for craftsmanship and durability, guaranteed by the State of Geneva and administered by TIMELAB. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/magnetic-resistance/ , Glossary term, Magnetic resistance: Covered by ISO 764:2020, which addresses everyday magnetic fields, not the high-field resistance some brands certify separately. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/shock-resistance/ , Glossary term, Shock resistance: ISO 1413:2016 defines it by a specific simulated fall: one metre onto a horizontal wooden floor. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/second/ , Glossary term, Second: The SI base unit of time, defined since 2019 by fixing the caesium-133 hyperfine transition frequency. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/gauss/ , Glossary term, Gauss: A CGS unit of magnetic flux density, not an SI unit. 1 gauss = 10⁻⁴ tesla. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/power-reserve/ , Glossary term, Power reserve: In universal trade use, and defined by no standards or metrology body that publishes publicly. This entry records what was checked. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/escapement/ , Glossary term, Escapement: The mechanism that lets the gear train advance in fixed steps while keeping the regulator oscillating. It is what makes a watch tick. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/balance-wheel/ , Glossary term, Balance wheel: The oscillating wheel and spring that set the rate of a mechanical watch: the portable answer to the pendulum. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/mainspring/ , Glossary term, Mainspring: The wound spring that powers a mechanical watch. It replaced the hanging weight and made portable timekeeping possible. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/gear-train/ , Glossary term, Gear train: The set of wheels carrying power from the mainspring to the escapement and the hands. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/jewel/ , Glossary term, Jewel: Synthetic hard stones used as bearings at points of wear. The number on a dial is a construction fact, not a quality score. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/automatic/ , Glossary term, Automatic: A mechanical watch wound by the motion of the wearer's arm through a pivoting weight. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/quartz-movement/ , Glossary term, Quartz movement: Timekeeping by counting the vibrations of a quartz crystal, almost always at 32,768 Hz. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/ligne/ , Glossary term, Ligne: The traditional unit of movement diameter. Its metric value is quoted everywhere and could not be confirmed on a citable source. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/complication/ , Glossary term, Complication: Universally used, defined by no authority this Codex can cite. What was checked is recorded. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/hertz/ , Glossary term, Hertz: The SI unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second, used for the beat rate of a balance and for a quartz crystal's oscillation. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/vibrations-per-hour/ , Glossary term, Vibrations per hour: The trade's unit for a mechanical beat rate: half-swings of the balance in an hour, counted two to each complete oscillation. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/daily-rate/ , Glossary term, Daily rate: How many seconds a watch gains or loses in twenty-four hours, written with a sign, as in the range minus 4 to plus 6 seconds per day. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/amplitude/ , Glossary term, Amplitude: The angular swing of a balance wheel away from its rest position, measured in degrees. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/isochronism/ , Glossary term, Isochronism: The property of an oscillator whose period does not change when the size of its swing changes. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/tesla/ , Glossary term, Tesla: The SI unit of magnetic flux density; one tesla equals 10,000 gauss, the older unit watch specifications still use. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/bar/ , Glossary term, Bar (pressure): A non-SI unit of pressure equal to 0.1 megapascal, and the unit most often stamped on a watch's water-resistance marking. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/leap-second/ , Glossary term, Leap second: A one-second insertion into UTC that keeps civil time in step with the Earth's rotation; a watch has no way of knowing one happened. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/atomic-clock/ , Glossary term, Atomic clock: A clock whose frequency is taken from an atomic transition; the caesium-133 transition is what defines the SI second. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/coordinated-universal-time/ , Glossary term, Coordinated Universal Time: The world's reference time scale, produced by BIPM: the same rate as atomic time TAI, but offset from it by a whole number of seconds. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/watch-case/ , Glossary term, Case: The rigid outer housing that carries a watch's movement, dial and glass and, on a sealed watch, is what keeps water out. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/bezel/ , Glossary term, Bezel: The ring on the front of a watch case; fixed, it retains the glass, and on a divers' watch it turns to time a dive. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/dial/ , Glossary term, Dial: The face of a watch: the plate carrying the markings against which the hands are read. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/crown/ , Glossary term, Crown: The knob outside a watch case, turned to wind the mainspring and set the hands, and on sealed watches screwed down against the case. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/lug/ , Glossary term, Lug: One of the projections from a watch case that hold the strap or bracelet; the gap between a facing pair is the lug width, quoted in millimetres. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/caseback/ , Glossary term, Caseback: The closing panel on the back of a watch case, screwed or pressed into place, and sometimes made transparent to show the movement. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/gasket/ , Glossary term, Gasket: The compressible ring or washer that seals a joint in a watch case; it is what makes a watch water-resistant, and it ages. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/bracelet/ , Glossary term, Bracelet: A watch band made of linked metal components, attached to the case at the lugs; ISO uses the same word for any watch band. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/strap/ , Glossary term, Strap: A watch band of leather, rubber or fabric, fastened to the case at the lugs; distinguished in trade use from a metal bracelet. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/lever-escapement/ , Glossary term, Lever escapement: The escapement used in almost all mechanical watches, in which a pivoted lever locks and releases the escape wheel and impulses the balance. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/co-axial-escapement/ , Glossary term, Co-axial escapement: A detached escapement patented by George Daniels in 1979-80 that impulses the balance directly, put into series production by Omega from 1999. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/pallet-fork/ , Glossary term, Pallet fork: The pivoted lever in a lever escapement whose two pallets lock and release the escape wheel and carry its impulse to the balance. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/escape-wheel/ , Glossary term, Escape wheel: The toothed wheel at the end of a watch's train that the pallet fork locks and releases, passing the train's force on to the balance. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/hairspring/ , Glossary term, Hairspring: The fine spiral spring that returns the balance wheel and so fixes a mechanical watch's rate; spring and balance together form the oscillator. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/regulator-index/ , Glossary term, Regulator (index): An index that changes the active length of the hairspring, and so a watch's rate; the same word also names a separated-dial clock layout. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/lift-angle/ , Glossary term, Lift angle: The angle through which the escapement drives the balance; a figure a timing machine needs, for which no published standards definition was traced. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/shock-absorber/ , Glossary term, Shock-absorbing device: A sprung mounting for the balance staff's jewel bearings that lets the pivot move and re-centre under impact instead of breaking. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/silicon-hairspring/ , Glossary term, Silicon hairspring: A balance spring etched from silicon rather than drawn from metal alloy, made to be non-magnetic and dimensionally stable. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/detent-escapement/ , Glossary term, Detent escapement: The marine chronometer's escapement, in which a detent holds the escape wheel and the balance takes one impulse per complete oscillation. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/tourbillon/ , Glossary term, Tourbillon: A rotating carriage that carries a watch's escapement and balance, turning them continuously instead of letting them rest in one position. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/perpetual-calendar/ , Glossary term, Perpetual calendar: A calendar mechanism that carries the date through months of unequal length and through the four-year leap cycle without needing to be reset. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/annual-calendar/ , Glossary term, Annual calendar: A calendar mechanism that distinguishes 30-day from 31-day months but not leap years, so it needs one correction a year at the end of February. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/moon-phase/ , Glossary term, Moon phase: A display of the Moon's phase, driven by a wheel whose tooth count only approximates the 29.53-day mean interval between new moons. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/minute-repeater/ , Glossary term, Minute repeater: A striking mechanism that sounds the time to the nearest minute only when the wearer operates it, instead of automatically at the hour. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/dual-time/ , Glossary term, Dual time: A function showing a second time zone beside local time, usually on an extra hand; the dial word GMT is trade usage, not the timescale. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/world-time/ , Glossary term, World time: A display giving the time in every zone at once, read as a rotating 24-hour ring against a fixed ring of place names. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/hacking-seconds/ , Glossary term, Hacking seconds: Trade term for a mechanism that stops the seconds hand when the crown is pulled out to set the time; no authority defines the term. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/skeletonised/ , Glossary term, Skeletonised: A movement or dial whose plates have been cut away so the mechanism shows through; the British Museum catalogues such watches as skeletonised. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/guilloche/ , Glossary term, Guilloché: A repeating pattern cut into metal on a rose engine lathe, by hand or by machine; no body certifies which method produced a given pattern. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/mechanical-watch/ , Glossary term, Mechanical watch: A watch powered by a wound spring and regulated by a moving mechanical oscillator, with no battery in the timekeeping path. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/hand-winding/ , Glossary term, Hand-winding: Winding a watch's mainspring by turning the crown, which drives the keyless works instead of a separate winding key. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/rotor/ , Glossary term, Rotor: The pivoted weight inside a self-winding watch that turns with the wearer's movement and winds the mainspring. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/barrel/ , Glossary term, Barrel: The toothed drum that houses a watch's coiled mainspring and delivers its torque to the gear train as the spring unwinds. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/keyless-works/ , Glossary term, Keyless works: The crown-and-stem mechanism that both winds a watch and sets its hands, replacing the detachable key earlier watches needed. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/eco-drive/ , Glossary term, Eco-Drive: Citizen's own name for its light-powered quartz watches, which store converted light energy in a rechargeable cell rather than a battery. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/spring-drive/ , Glossary term, Spring Drive: Seiko's own name for a movement powered only by a mainspring but regulated electronically by a quartz oscillator instead of an escapement. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/tuning-fork-watch/ , Glossary term, Tuning-fork watch: A watch whose oscillator is an electromagnetically driven tuning fork rather than a balance wheel; Bulova's Accutron is the known example. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/radio-controlled-watch/ , Glossary term, Radio-controlled watch: A quartz watch with a radio receiver that periodically resets itself from a national time-signal broadcast and keeps its own time in between. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/thermocompensated-quartz/ , Glossary term, Thermocompensated quartz: A quartz movement that measures its own temperature and corrects the frequency error that temperature causes in the crystal. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/swiss-made/ , Glossary term, Swiss made: A legally defined origin mark for watches, set by a Swiss federal ordinance that fixes where the development, movement, casing and costs must originate. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/geographical-indication/ , Glossary term, Geographical indication: A sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation due to that origin. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/hallmark/ , Glossary term, Hallmark: A mark struck on an article of precious metal by an official body to record the proportion of precious metal it contains. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/assay-office/ , Glossary term, Assay office: The official body that tests articles of precious metal for fineness and strikes the hallmark, and whose own mark records which office did the work. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/fineness/ , Glossary term, Fineness: The proportion of precious metal in an alloy, written in parts per thousand: 750 for 18-karat gold. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/manufacture/ , Glossary term, Manufacture: A trade word for a firm that makes its own movements. No law or standards body the Codex could find fixes what it requires. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/in-house-movement/ , Glossary term, In-house movement: A trade term for a movement a brand presents as its own design and production. No authority the Codex could find defines the threshold. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/counterfeit/ , Glossary term, Counterfeit: In trade law, goods bearing without authorisation a trade mark identical to, or not distinguishable from, one validly registered for those goods. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/crystal/ , Glossary term, Crystal: The transparent cover over a watch dial, made of synthetic sapphire, mineral glass or acrylic. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/luminous-material/ , Glossary term, Luminous material: The pigment applied to hands and dials so they can be read in the dark; the modern kind is a strontium aluminate that is charged by light. https://thecodex.expert/watches/glossary/radium-dial/ , Glossary term, Radium dial: A dial or set of hands painted with radium-based self-luminous paint, used until about 1970; such items remain radioactive. # NAVIGATION FOR LLMs Sitemap: https://thecodex.expert/watches/sitemap.xml Robots: https://thecodex.expert/watches/robots.txt # KNOWN LIMITATIONS Limitation-1: This is a prototype. 97 content pages exist of approximately 3,830 planned. Limitation-2: Brand legal-entity registry fields are not yet independently confirmed against national company registries; they rest on company-published profiles, which are Tier 1 for facts about themselves but are not registry confirmation. Limitation-3: No price band is assigned to any brand yet. Limitation-4: Sources are cited by URL but not yet archived to a permanent archive, as the Open Reference Model requires. Limitation-5: index.json and index.md twins are not yet generated beside each HTML page. # SCHEMA VERSION Schema-Version: 0.2