Programming Languages

General-purpose, interpreted, dynamically typed. The dominant language for data science, machine learning, automation, and beginner education.

The language of the web browser. Event-driven, prototype-based OOP, first-class functions. Node.js brings it to the server.

Compiled to JVM bytecode. Statically typed, OOP-first. The dominant enterprise language and Android platform language until Kotlin.

Systems programming language. Manual memory management. The language of operating systems, kernels, and embedded systems.

JavaScript with static types. Compiles to JavaScript. The standard for large-scale frontend and Node.js development.

Declarative language for relational databases. SELECT, JOIN, GROUP BY. The most universally required language for data work.

Memory safety without garbage collection. Ownership, borrowing, lifetimes. The fastest-growing systems language.

Simple, compiled, concurrent. Goroutines and channels. Used at Google, Uber, Docker, Kubernetes.

C with classes, templates, and RAII. Used in game engines, compilers, high-frequency trading, and anywhere C is not enough.

JVM language. Modern, concise, null-safe. The preferred language for Android development.

Apple's replacement for Objective-C. Type-safe, fast, expressive. Required for iOS and macOS development.